Rights form the backbone of a constitutional democracy. In India, the safeguarding of liberty, dignity, and equality is ensured through two complementary frameworks, namely., Human rights and Fundamental rights. Though these concepts have similar goals, they have a difference in terms of its origin, legal authority, and enforcement mechanisms.

Indian family law has traditionally conceptualised marriage as a union between spouses or families, while treating the child as a derivative subject whose legal relevance emerges primarily at the point of marital breakdown. This paper challenges that framing by foregrounding the child as an ever-present yet structurally invisible participant within the institution of marriage itself.

Administrative law serves as the backbone of public governance, regulating how government agencies exercise their powers and establish rules that affect citizen’s daily lives. At the heart of administrative law lie fundamental principles that safeguard individual rights while enabling effective governance. These principles act as guardrails, preventing arbitrariness and ensuring that governmental action remains within constitutional and statutory boundaries.

Every Union Territory is to be administered by the President. Acting through an administrator appointed by him with such designation as may specify. But this is subject to any law made by Parliament.

In every State, The High Court is the Head of the Judiciary. Below the High Court, in every State, there is a system of Subordinate Courts. All the control over Subordinate Courts in relation to posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons in the Judicial service of a State shall be vested in the High Court.

India has been well described as having a Federal Constitution with some Unitary Features.  Which we also term as having a Quasi-Federal Constitution. But, primarily we are a Federal State, and one of the most essential features of federalism is the Distribution of Powers. A Federal Constitution establishes a form of Government where neither the Centre nor the State is subordinate to the other in its own fields. The Authority of one is co-ordinate with that of the other.

It declares that every High Court shall be a Court of record; and Shall have all the powers of such a Court, including the power to punish for contempt of itself. A Court of Record is such a Court whose records are admitted to be of evidentiary value and they are NOT to be questioned when they are produced before any Court.

If a question arises whether a member of either House of State Legislature has become subject to any disqualification under Clause (1) of Article 191, then the decision on such a question shall be taken by the Governor and such decision shall be final.

Similar to the Union, the States also follow the Parliamentary system of Governance. Hence, similar to the position of the President at the Union, a similar position exists at the level of the States which is known as the Governor. The Governor is the Constitutional head of the State but only acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers who exercise the Executive powers of the Governor.

The Supreme Court is the final interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is also the guardian of the Fundamental Rights of the People. It is the highest Court of appeal in civil and criminal matters.  The Supreme Court was inaugurated on January 28, 1950, replacing the British Privy Council and succeeded the Federal Court of India which was established under the Government of India Act, of 1935.