Administrative law serves as the backbone of public governance, regulating how government agencies exercise their powers and establish rules that affect citizen’s daily lives. At the heart of administrative law lie fundamental principles that safeguard individual rights while enabling effective governance. These principles act as guardrails, preventing arbitrariness and ensuring that governmental action remains within constitutional and statutory boundaries.

Every Union Territory is to be administered by the President. Acting through an administrator appointed by him with such designation as may specify. But this is subject to any law made by Parliament.

In every State, The High Court is the Head of the Judiciary. Below the High Court, in every State, there is a system of Subordinate Courts. All the control over Subordinate Courts in relation to posting and promotion of, and the grant of leave to, persons in the Judicial service of a State shall be vested in the High Court.

India has been well described as having a Federal Constitution with some Unitary Features.  Which we also term as having a Quasi-Federal Constitution. But, primarily we are a Federal State, and one of the most essential features of federalism is the Distribution of Powers. A Federal Constitution establishes a form of Government where neither the Centre nor the State is subordinate to the other in its own fields. The Authority of one is co-ordinate with that of the other.

It declares that every High Court shall be a Court of record; and Shall have all the powers of such a Court, including the power to punish for contempt of itself. A Court of Record is such a Court whose records are admitted to be of evidentiary value and they are NOT to be questioned when they are produced before any Court.

If a question arises whether a member of either House of State Legislature has become subject to any disqualification under Clause (1) of Article 191, then the decision on such a question shall be taken by the Governor and such decision shall be final.

Similar to the Union, the States also follow the Parliamentary system of Governance. Hence, similar to the position of the President at the Union, a similar position exists at the level of the States which is known as the Governor. The Governor is the Constitutional head of the State but only acts on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers who exercise the Executive powers of the Governor.

The Supreme Court is the final interpreter and guardian of the Constitution. The Supreme Court is also the guardian of the Fundamental Rights of the People. It is the highest Court of appeal in civil and criminal matters.  The Supreme Court was inaugurated on January 28, 1950, replacing the British Privy Council and succeeded the Federal Court of India which was established under the Government of India Act, of 1935.

Articles 79 to 122 of the Indian Constitution deal with the Parliament of India, which consists of the President, Rajya Sabha, and Lok Sabha. These provisions define the composition, powers, privileges, legislative procedures, and financial control of Parliament. They also include rules on Money Bills, joint sittings, disqualifications, and parliamentary privileges ensuring smooth legislative functioning in India.

The Constitution vests all the executive power of the Union in the President. The power shall be exercised by him either directly, or through representatives. The President is the Supreme Commander of Defence forces. “Executive power” has NOT been defined in the Constitution. However, Article 73 provides the extent to which the executive power of the Union shall extend.

Fundamental Duties may be defined as a set of moral and civic duties prescribed for the citizens by the Constitution of India to uphold the Constitutional goal of the country. Inspired by the Constitution of the USSR (now Russia). Part IV-A was inserted by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act of 1976. It consists of only 1 Article, namely, Article 51-A. But, it consists of 11 fundamental duties for citizens, originally 10.

The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) has been taken from the Irish Constitution. The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) of the Indian Constitution are the ideals which the Government must keep in mind while they formulate policies and laws. They have been enacted to set standards of achievements before the Government by which their success or failure can be judged. They lay down the goals to be achieved through various means that must be devi

This research examines the evolving landscape of intimate relationships in India, primarily focusing on the tension between legal presumptions of marriage arising out of long-term cohabitation and the traditional emphasis on formal ceremonial marriages. this paper stresses upon some critical questions: How do individuals in presumed marriages perceive formal ceremonies? Whether younger generations will continue choosing formal unions? Can cohabitation replace a formal marriag

Article 32(1) guarantees the right to move the Supreme Court by means of “appropriate proceedings” for enforcement of the Fundamental Rights conferred by Part III of the Indian Constitution. There is no limitation in regard to the kind of proceedings except that the proceeding must be appropriate. Hence, it is NOT obligatory for the Court to follow the adversary system.

It was inserted by the First Constitutional Amendment Act, 1951 with retrospective effect from 26th January 1950. It provided that NO law providing for acquisition of any ‘estate’ or any right therein extinguishment or modification of any such rights, would be deemed to be VOID on the ground that it was inconsistent with or takes away or abridges any of rights conferred by Articles 14 or 19 of the Constitution.

While Article 29(1) confers rights on any section of the citizens which will include the majority section, Article 30(1) confers the right only on minorities based on religion or language. Article 29(1) is concerned with only three subjects, which are, language, script or culture and Article 30(1) deals with minorities based on language or religion.

India is a Secular State, which means that in matters of religion it is neutral. - Secularism is divided into two concepts, positive and negative. - India Constitution embodies the Positive concept of Secularism. - India does NOT have a religion of its own but it ensures that all religions are treated equally and with respect. The real meaning of secularism is Sarva Dharma Sambhav (Quote by Mahatma Gandhi) meaning equal treatment and respect for all religions.

Article 23 imposes a positive obligation on the State to take steps to abolish traffic in human beings and forced labour.

Article 21 should be held as dealing with freedoms not given in Article 19.  Articles 19 and 21 deal with different aspects of ‘liberty’. Article 21 is guarantee against deprivation (total loss) of personal liberty  Article 19 affords protection against unreasonable restrictions (partial control).

Article 14 embodies the general principles of equality before law and prohibits unreasonable discrimination between persons.  Article 14 embodies the idea of equality expressed in the Preamble. The succeeding Articles 15, 16, 17, and 18 lay down specific application of the general rules laid down in Article 14.